-to include all regions whose
history, culture and political economy has been shaped to greater or lesser
extent by Barotse/Lozi/Makololo influence.
Agriculture – see
also ‘Productive Activity’
Bostoen, K. (2007)
‘Bantu plant names as indicators of linguistic stratigraphy
in the Western Province of Zambia’ in Payne, D.L. and Peña,
J. (Eds.) Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African
Linguistics, 16-29.
Kajoba, G. (1993) Food
Crisis in Zambia, ZPC Publications Lusaka [particularly pp. 27-30].
Maclean, H.A.M. (1965) An Agricultural Stocktaking of Barotseland,
Government Printer,
Murao, R. (2005) ‘A Study on the shifting cultivation system
in Kalahari woodland, Western Zambia, with special reference to cassava
management’ African Study Monographs, Supplement 29, 95-105.
Peters,
D.U. (1960) Land Usage in Barotseland, Rhodes-Livingstone Institute,
Trapnell, C.G. and
Clothier, J.N. (1957) The Soils, Vegetation
and Agricultural Systems of North-Western
Van Gils, H. (1988)
Environmental Profile: Western Province Zambia, International Institute
for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences and Provincial Planning Unit,
Balovale – see ‘Luvale/Lovale/Balovale
Lunda/Balunda’
-literature
wholly focusing on Botswana/Bechuanaland but relevant to an understanding of
Barotseland/Western Province/Caprivi/Lozi issues.
Nettelton, G.E. (1934) ‘History of
the Ngamiland tribes up to
Caprivi
Bruchmann, D.K.
(2000) Caprivi, an African Flashpoint: An Illustrated History of Namibi’s
Tropical Region where Four Countries Meet (Author’s Edition),
Fisch, M. (1999a) The
Caprivi Strip during the German Colonial Period 1890 to 1914 [English
translation], Out of Africa Publishers,
_____(1999b) The
Secessionist Movement in Caprivi: A Historical perspective, Namibia
Scientific Society,
International Court
of Justice (1999) Verbatim record of public sitting in the case concerning
Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia) [CR99/4], The Hague.
Kangumu, B.K.
(2000) ‘A forgotten corner of
Kruger, C.E. ‘The
Eastern Caprivi Zipfel’ unpublished document held by National Archives of
Namibia,
______(1984) ‘A
History of the Caprivi’ unpublished typescript. Copy inspected at National
Archives of Namibia,
Reid, P.C. (1901)
‘Journeys in the Linyanti region’, Geographical Journal, 17, 6, 573-588.
Sasa, D. (2000)
‘The Mayeyi Chieftainship’, paper presented at seminar held at University of
Namibia, 22-25 August, 2000 entitled ‘Public History: Forgotten History’.
Schultz. A and
Hammar. A. (1897) The New Africa: A Journey up the Chobe and down the
Okavango Rivers – A Record of Exploration and Sport, William Heinemann,
London.
Sehani, M. (2000)
‘The Mafwe/Mayuni crisis: rival histories and the assertion of identity in the
Caprivi’, paper presented at seminar held at
Streitwolf, H.
(1911) Der Caprivizipfel, Wilhelm Süsserott,
Trollope, L.F.W.
(1941) ‘Report of the Administration of the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel’, Department
of Native Affairs,
______(1956) 'The
Eastern Caprivi Zipfel',
Zeller, W. (2000)
‘Interests and socio-economic development in the Caprivi Region from a
historical perspective’, Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit,
Early
explorers/adventurers/hunters/missionaries/traders (prior to 1900)
Arnot, F.S. (1889) Garenganze
or Seven Year’s Pioneer Work in Central Africa, James E. Hawkins, London,
[pp. 276].
______(1969) Garenganze
or Seven Year’s Pioneer Work in Central Africa, New edition of 1889 work,
Frank Cass,
Bertrand, A. The
Kingdom of the Barotsi of
Coillard, F. (1897)
On the Threshold of
______(1898) Sur le
Haut Zambèse, Berger-Lerrault,
______(1971) On
the Threshold of
Ellenberger, D.F.
(1912) History of the Basuto Ancient and Modern, Caxton Publishing,
Favre, E. (1913) François
Coillard Missionaire au Zambèze, Société des Missions Evangeliques,
Gibbons,
______(1898a)
‘Marotseland and the Tribes of the
______(1898b) Exploration
and Hunting in
______(1901)
‘Explorations in Marotseland and neighbouring regions’, Geographical Journal,
17, 106-134.
______(1904)
______(1905) Review
of In Remotest Barotoseland by Harding, C, Geographical Journal,
26, 444-445.
Harding, C. (1933) Far
Bugles, Simpkin
______(1905) In
Remotest
Holub, E. (1879) A
Cultural Survey of the
______(1881) Seven
Years in
______(1890) Von
der Capstadt ins Land der Maschukulumbe Reisen im Südlichen Afrika in den
Jahren 1883-7, Alfred Hölder, Wien.
Jacottet, E. (1896)Etudes
sur les Langues du Haut Zambèze, E. Leroux, Paris.
Jalla, A. and E. (1904) Pionniers
parmi les Ma-Rotse, Imprimarie Claudienne,
Johnson, J. (1893) Reality
versus Romance in South
Livingstone, C.
(1861-2) ‘On the Batoka country’, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical
Society, VI.
Livingstone, D.
‘Explorations into the Interior of
______Missionary
Travels and Researches in
______‘Extract from
Despatches of Dr. David Livingstone 1858-
______(1905) Missionary
Travels and Researches in South Africa, Maclaren and Co.,
Livingstone, D. and
C. (1865) Narrative of an Expedition to the
Mackenzie, J.
(1871) Ten Years North of the
Mackintosh, C.W.
(1907) Coillard of the
Reid, P.C. (1901)
‘Journeys in the Linyanti region’, Geographical Journal, 17, 6, 573-588.
Schultz. A and
Hammar. A. (1897) The New Africa: A Journey up the Chobe and down the Okavango
Rivers – A Record of Exploration and Sport, William Heinemann, London.
Selous, F.C. (1893)
‘Twenty Years in Zambesia’, Geographical Journal, 4, 1, 289-324.
______(1881)
‘Journeys in the interior of South Central Africa’, Proceedings of the Royal
Geographical Society (New Series), 3, 3, 169-175.
______(1893) Travel
and Adventure in
Tabler, E.C. [ed.] (1963) Trade and Travel in Early Barotseland:
The Diaries of George Westbeech 1885-1888 and Captain Norman MacLeod
1875-1876, Chatto and Windus,
Kaonde/Ba-Kaonde
Chibanza, S.J.
(1961) ‘Kaonde history’, Part II of Central Bantu historical texts I, Rhodes-Livingstone
Communication No. 22, Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Lusaka [contains
fascinating story of two attempts to subdue Jipumpu Kasempa VIII by parties
sent by Lewanika in 1891 and 1897].
Language: Silozi, Sikololo, Siluyana lexicography, analysis
and discussion
Anonymous (1985) Lozi
Orthography, Department of Bantu Education,
Bennett, P.R.
(1970) ‘Sesotho-Lozi: a clue to the evolution of multi-level tonal systems,’ Journal
of African Languages, 9, 153-64.
Buiswalelo, H. M.
(1984) Lilimi
Burger, J.P. (1960)
An English-Lozi Vocabulary, Book Depot of
Colyer, S. (1914)
Sikololo: notes on the grammar with a vocabulary, pp. 53.
Elderkin, E.D. (1998)
‘Silozi and
Fanshawe, D.B. and
Mutimushi, J.M. (1971) ‘A Checklist of Plant Names in the Lozi Languages’,
Ministry of Rural Development,
Fortune, G. (1977) An
Outline of Silozi Grammar, Bookworld Publishers,
Gluckman, Max
(1942) ‘Prefix concordance in Lozi, lingua franca of
Gorman, W.A.R.
(1950) Simple Silozi, Longmans,
Gowlett, D.F.
(1964) ‘Morphology of the Substantive in Lozi,’
______(1966) ‘Some
Lozi riddles and tongue-twisters annotated and analysed,’ African Studies,
25, 3, 139-158.
______(1967)
‘Morphology of the Verb in Lozi,’ MA thesis,
______(1989) ‘The
parentage and development of Lozi’ Journal of African Languages, 11, 2,
127-49.
Jacottet, E. (1896)Etudes
sur les Langues du Haut Zambèze, E. Leroux, Paris.
Jalla, Adolphe
(1917a) Sikololo-English Dictionary, pp. 205.
______(1917b)
English-Sikololo dictionary, pp. 159.
______(1917c)
Elementary Grammar of the Sikololo Language, pp.102.
______(1937a) Dictionary
of the Lozi language,
______(1937b) Elementary
Grammar of the Lozi Language, United Society for Christian Literature, pp.
108.
Kamitondo, E.N.
(1958) Silozi Note Book, Longmans,
Lewanika, G.A.M.
(1949) English-Lozi Phrase Book, Macmillan,
Lisimba, M. (2000) Lozi
Names in Language and Culture, International Centre for Bantu
Civilizations,
Livingstone, David
(185-) [No title: vocabularies of eight Bantu languages], Grey Collection at
the South African Libraries,
Mukuni, R.M. (1991)
Silozi-English Phrase Book, Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, pp. 83
Mwikise, Peter
(1989) ‘Enhancing Mutual Intelligibility among Sesotho, Setswana and Silozi:
Problems and Prospects,’
Mwisiya, M. W.
(1977) Introduction to Silozi Grammar, Kenneth Kaunda Foundation,
Ndopu, K.E. (1958) Silozi
Note Book, Longmans,
O'Sullivan, O.
(1993) English-Silozi Dictionary,
Stirke, D. E. C.
and Thomas, A.W. (1915) ‘Sikololo phrase book.’
______(1916) A
Comparative Vocabulary of Sikololo-Silui-Simbunda, Bale & Danielsson,
Stappers, L. () ‘De
toonstructuur van het Lozi (Kololo), de taal van
Most of the above
publications are out of print although a Jalla-derived dictionary is usually
available in bookshops in
Lewanika
Bradley, K. (1959)
‘Statesmen: Coryndon and Lewanika in North-Western
Coillard, F. (1897)
On the Threshold of
______(1898) Sur le
Haut Zambèse, Berger-Lerrault,
______(1971) On
the Threshold of
Clay, G. (1968) Your
Friend Lewanika: The Life and Times of Lubosi Lewanika, Litunga of
Harding, C. (1905) In
Remotest
Indakwa, J. (1975)
‘King Lewanika and the expansion of British rule in Barotseland 1890-1923: a
study of British policy in Barotseland and North and Southern Zambesia in
general, unpublished PhD thesis, Rice University, Houston, Texas.
Prins, G. (1980) The
Hidden Hippopotamus, Reappraisal in African History: the early Colonial
Experience in
Soane-Cambell, J.
(1950) ‘I knew Lewanika’, Northern Rhodesia Journal, 1, 18-23.
Stirke, D.W. (1922)
(1916-17) ‘The
death of Lewanika’, Journal of the African Society, 16, 149-154.
(1964)
‘Correspondence – Lewanika visits Livingstone’, Northern Rhodesia
Journal, 5, 5, 513-514
Luvale/Lovale/Balovale
Lunda/Balunda/
Papstein, R. (1989)
‘From ethnic identity to tribalism: The Upper Zambezi region of
______(1992) ‘How
tribalism developed in
Wele, P. (1993) Likumbi
lya Mize and other Luvale Traditional Ceremonies, Zambia Educational
Publishing House,
White, C.M.N.
(1948) ‘Witchcraft, divination and magic among the Balovale tribes’,
______(1948) ‘The
material culture of the Lunda-Lovale peoples’, Occasional Papers of the Rhodes-Livingstone
Institute, 3.
______(1949) ‘The
Balovale peoples and their historical background’, Rhodes-Livingstone
Journal, 8, 26-41.
______(1951) ‘A
note on the “Makishi”’, Northern Rhodesia Journal, 1, 4, 67-70
______(1959) ‘A
preliminary survey of Luvale rural economy’ Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 29,
Manchester University Press, Manchester for Institute for Social Research,
University of Zambia.
______(1960) ‘An
outline of Luvale social and political organization’ Rhodes-Livingstone
Papers 30 , Manchester University Press, Manchester for Institute for
Social Research, University of Zambia.
______(1961)
‘Elements in Luvale beliefs and rituals’ Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 32,
Manchester University Press, Manchester for Institute for Social Research, University
of Zambia.
______(1962) ‘The
ethno-history of the
(1936) ‘The tribes
of the Balovale district and the history of their chieftaincies’ paper prepared
by District Officer, Balovale, February 20 1936, typescript held by Livingstone
Museum [TH2/17/1].
Makololo
Ellenberger, D.F.
(1912) History of the Basuto Ancient and Modern, Caxton Publishing,
Mackenzie, J.
(1871) Ten Years North of the
Morgan, T. (1872) Eleven
Years in
Nalilungwe, M.
(date unknown) ‘Here are the Makololo’ – a translation by H. Zulu of ‘Makololo
ki ba’, Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, Livingstone, Typescript now held by
Livingstone Museum.
Rangeley, W. (1957)
‘The Makololo of Dr. Livingstone’, The
Soremukin, F.
(1977) ‘Trade and dependency in central
Mbunda
Murao, R. (2005) ‘A Study on the shifting cultivation
system in Kalahari woodland, Western Zambia, with special reference to cassava
management’ African Study Monographs, Supplement 29, 95-105.
Okamoto, M. (2007) ‘Impact of Angolan immigrants on
Lozi society in western
Missionaries and
belief systems/religion generally
Arnot, F.S. (1969) Garenganze
or Seven Year’s Pioneer Work in Central Africa [New edition of 1889 work],
Frank Cass,
Baker, E. (1921) The
Life and Explorations of Frederick Stanley Arnot, Seeley Service and Co.,
Coillard, F. (1897)
On the Threshold of
______(1898) Sur le
Haut Zambèse, Berger-Lerrault,
______(1971) On
the Threshold of
Favre, E. (1913) François
Coillard Missionaire au Zambèze, Société des Missions Evangeliques,
Jalla, A. and E. (1904) Pionniers
parmi les Ma-Rotse, Imprimarie Claudienne,
Mackintosh, C.W.
(1907) Coillard of the
______(1950) ‘Some
pioneer missions of
Mainga, M. (1972)‘A
history of Lozi religion to the end of the nineteenth century’ in Ranger, T. O.
and Kinambo, I.N. (eds.) The Historical Study of African Religion,
Heinemann,
Ragsdale, J.P.
(1986) Protestant
Rea, W.F. (1968)
‘George Westbeech and the
Nkoya
Clay, G. (1945)
‘History of the Mankoya district’, Communications from the Rhodes-Livingstone
Institute No.4, typescript held at
Van Binsbergen, W.
(1994) ‘Minority language and the state in two African situations: The Nkoya of
Zambia and the Kalange of Botswana’ in Fardon, R. and Furniss, G. (eds.)
African Languages, Development and the State, Routledge,
______(1999) ‘Nkoya
royal chiefs and the Kazanga Cultural Association in western central Zambia
today’ in Van Rouveroy, E.A.B. and Van Dijk, R. (eds.) African Chieftaincy in a
new socio-political Landscape, LIT-Verlag, Hamburg, 97-133.
Physical
environment
Arnot, F. (1900)
‘The regions of the
Barkved, E. (1996)
‘A report on water management in the Zambezi River Basin in the 1950s’ Zambezi
Documentation Study, Centre for Development Studies, University of Bergen,
Norway.
Bradshaw, B.F.
(1881) ‘Notes on the
Cole, M. (1963)
‘Vegetation and geomorphology in
Fanshawe, D.B. and
Mutimushi, J.M. (1971) ‘A Checklist of Plant Names in the Lozi Languages’,
Ministry of Rural Development,
Flint, L.S. (2006) ‘Towards a strategy for environmental change:
vulnerability and adaptation in the Upper Zambezi Valley region of Western
Zambia’ in Junko, M. et al (eds.) Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries and
Re-visioning Area Studies: Perspectives from Asia and Africa, Proceedings
of Symposium, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan [195-207]
Grove,
A.T. (1969) ‘Landforms and climatic change in the Kalahari and Ngamiland’, Geographical
Journal, 135, 2, 191-212.
Peters, D.U. (1960)
Land Usage in Barotseland, Rhodes-Livingstone Institute,
Timberlake, J.
(2000) ‘Biodiversity of the Zambezi Basin Wetlands’, Consultancy Report for
IUCN, The Zambezi Society, Harare, and Biodiversity Foundation for Africa,
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe [particularly Volume III which deals with land use change in
Barotseland].
Timberlake, J.
Bailey, M. and Mundy, P. (2004) ‘Biodiversity of the Four Corners Area:
bibliography’, Biodiversity Foundation for
Verboom W.C. and Brunt,
M.A. (1970) An Ecological Survey of
Productive Activity
Bostoen, K. (2007)
‘Bantu plant names as indicators of linguistic stratigraphy
in the Western Province of Zambia’ in Payne, D.L. and Peña,
J. (Eds.) Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African
Linguistics, 16-29.
Kajoba, G. (1993) Food
Crisis in Zambia, ZPC Publications Lusaka [particularly p. 27-30].
Maclean, H.A.M. (1965) An Agricultural Stocktaking of Barotseland,
Government Printer,
Peters,
D.U. (1960) Land Usage in Barotseland, Rhodes-Livingstone Institute,
Trapnell, C.G. and
Clothier, J.N. (1957) The Soils, Vegetation
and Agricultural Systems of North-Western
Van Gils, H. (1988)
Environmental Profile: Western Province Zambia, International Institute
for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences and Provincial Planning Unit,
Winemiller, K.O. (1991)
‘Comparative ecology of Serranochromis
species (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
in the
Silozi:
publications and papers in the vernacular
Mbikusita, G.
(1938-9) ‘Rules, traditions, proverbs and legends of the Lozi people’ [all text
in Silozi] (originally in possession of PEMS, donated to
Jalla, A. (1921) Litaba
za Sicaba sa Malozi, [Matters of Lozi History] originally produced for Colonial
Office - Africa No. 1179, revised in 1996 with orthography approved by the
Zambian Ministry of Education and published by Bookworld,
Manyando, F. (date
uncertain) Mu Zibe za Muleneñi
Mupatu, Y.W. (1958)
Mulambwa Santulu u Amuhela bo Mwene (‘Mulambwa Satulu receives the Mbunda
Chiefs’) also translated into English by the author and held as typescripts at
______(1959) Bulozi
Sapili (Bulozi in days past’) Oxford University Press,
Muyundi, K. (date
uncertain) Bucwala mwa Bulozi (‘Craftsmanship in
Nalilungwe, M.
(Date uncertain) Makololo ki ba! (‘The Makololo are here!’), translated by H.
Zulu and held as typescript at the Livingstone Museum, Zambia.
Sakubita, M.M.
(1974) Za Luna li lu Siile (‘Our vanishing past’), National Education Company
of
_____(1982) Kalabo
wa Mboanjikana (‘Kalabo of the Mboanjikana’) Revised Edition, National
Education Company of
Unpublished papers
and theses
Deak, A. (1996) ‘A
Museum’s role in society’, unpublished paper submitted foe degree of MSSc,
Englebert, P.
(2004) ‘Should I stay or should I go’ unpublished paper presented to 19th
biannual conference of the Vereinigung von Afrikanisten in Deutschland,
Hermitte, E.L.
(1974) 'An economic history of
Indakwa, J. (1975)
‘King Lewanika and the expansion of British rule in Barotseland 1890-1923: a
study of British policy in Barotseland and North and Southern Zambesia in
general, Unpublished PhD thesis, Rice University, Houston, Texas.
Kangumu, B.K.
(2000) ‘A forgotten corner of
Mbikusita, G.
(1941) ‘The Barotse Tribal History’
Mongu Municipal
Council (2002) ‘District profile: Mongu District’, Mongu Municipal Council,
Mongu,
Munalula, C.L.
(date uncertain) ‘Experiences of the western province of Zambia – understanding
the role of traditional authorities’, unpublished paper produced for
Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), Kristiansand, Norway.
Mututwa, M. (1997)
‘Petition on the conflicts arising out of the abrogation of the Barotseland
Agreement 1964 and the need for intervention and resolution’
Pretorius, J.L.
(1975) ‘The Fwe of the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel: a study of their historical and
geographical background, tribal structure and legal system, with special
reference to Fwe family law and succession’, unpublished Masters Dissertation
in Development Administration,
Sasa, D. (2000)
‘The Mayeyi Chieftainship’, paper presented at seminar held at University of
Namibia, 22-25 August, 2000 entitled ‘Public History: Forgotten History’.
Sehani, M. (2000)
‘The Mafwe/Mayuni crisis: rival histories and the assertion of identity in the
Caprivi’, paper presented at seminar held at
Vrydagh, P.A. (date
uncertain) ‘Mbunda Makishi’, unpublished manuscript held at the Livingstone
Museum, Zambia.
-literature wholly focusing on
Brelsford, W.V.
(1950) ‘Some cases of witchcraft’
Brelsford, W.V. and
Clay, G. (1952) ‘Bibliography of Northern Rhodesia: Part I – Books and articles
published prior to 1st January
______(1953)
‘Bibliography of Northern Rhodesia: Part I – Books and articles published
between
Cole, M.M. (1963)
‘Vegetation and geomorphology in
Davies, D.H. (1971)
Kay, G. (1967) A
Social Geography of Zambia: A Survey of Population Patterns in a Developing
Country,
Macola, G. (2003)
‘Historical and ethnographical publications in the vernaculars of colonial
Ogilvie, A.G.
(1934) ‘Co-operative research in geography: With an African Example’, Scottish
Geographical Magazine, 50, 6, 353-378.
